使用教材： • Chapin, F. S., III, P. A. Matson, and P. M. Vitousek. 2011. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Second edition. Springer, New York, USA.

Chapter 1 The Ecosystem Concept
•	Ecosystem Ecology
•	History of Ecosystem Ecology
•	Ecosystem Structure and Functioning
•	Ecosystem Processes
•	Ecosystem Structure and Constraints
•	Controls over Ecosystem Processes
•	Human-Induced Ecosystem Change
•	Human Impacts on Ecosystems
•	Resilience and Threshold Changes
•	Degradation in Ecosystem Services

Chapter 2 Earth’s Climate System
•	Earth’s Energy Budget
•	The Atmospheric System
•	Atmospheric Composition and Chemistry
•	Atmospheric Structure
•	Atmospheric Circulation
•	The Ocean
•	Ocean Structure
•	Ocean Circulation
•	Landform Effects on Climate
•	Vegetation Influences on Climate
•	Temporal Variability in Climate
•	Long-Term Changes
•	Anthropogenic Climate Change
•	Interannual Climate Variability
•	Seasonal and Daily Variation
•	Storms and Weather
•	Relationship of Climate to Ecosystem Distribution and Structure

Chapter 3 Geology, Soils, and Sediments
•	Controls over Soil Formation
•	Parent Material
•	Climate
•	Topography
•	Time
•	Potential Biota
•	Human Activities
•	Controls over Soil Loss
•	Development of Soil Profiles
•	Additions to Soils
•	Soil Transformations
•	Soil Transfers
•	Losses from Soils
•	Soil Horizons and Soil Classification
•	Soil Properties and Ecosystem Functioning
•	Soil Physical Properties
•	Soil Chemical Properties

Chapter 4 Water and Energy Balance
•	Surface Energy Balance
•	Radiation Budget
•	Partitioning of Absorbed Radiation
•	Ecosystem Water Budgets
•	Water Inputs to Ecosystems
•	Water Movements within Ecosystems
•	Water Movement from the Canopy to the Soil
•	Water Storage and Movement in the Soil
•	Water Movement from Soil to Roots
•	Water Movement through Plants
•	Water Losses from Ecosystems
•	Evaporation from Wet Canopies
•	Evapotranspiration from Dry Canopies
•	Changes in Storage
•	Runoff

Chapter 5 Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems
•	Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems
•	Biochemistry of Photosynthesis
•	Pelagic Photosynthesis
•	Light Limitation
•	CO2 Supply
•	Nutrient Limitation
•	Pelagic GPP
•	Terrestrial Photosynthesis
•	Photosynthetic Structure of Terrestrial Ecosystems
•	C4 Photosynthesis
•	Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
•	CO2 Limitation
•	Light Limitation
•	Nitrogen Limitation and Photosynthetic Capacity
•	Water Limitation
•	Temperature Effects
•	Pollutants
•	Terrestrial GPP
•	Canopy Processes
•	Leaf Area
•	Length of the Photosynthetic Season
•	Satellite-Based Estimates of GPP

Chapter 6 Plant Carbon Budgets
•	The balance between carbon inputs and carbon losses
•	Plant respiration 
•	Plant production
•	Net primary production (NPP)
•	Marine NPP
•	Lake NPP
•	Stream and river NPP
•	Terrestrial NPP
•	Physiological controls over NPP
•	Environmental and species controls over NPP
•	Allocation
•	Allocation of NPP
•	Allocation Response to Multiple Resources
•	Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Allocation
•	Tissue Turnover
•	Global Distribution of Biomass and NPP
•	Biome differences in biomass
•	Biome differences in NPP
•	Measuring NPP

Chapter 7 Decomposition and Ecosystem Carbon Budgets
•	Importance of Decomposition
•	Decomposition Consists of Four processes
•	Leaching
•	Fragmentation
•	Chemical alteration
•	Humification
•	Who Are the Decomposers?
•	Fungi
•	Bacteria
•	Soil animals: microfauna
•	Soil animals: mesofauna
•	Soil animals: macrofauna
•	Controls over Decomposition
•	Direct temperature effects
•	Moisture effects
•	Other environmental effects
•	Substrate quality
•	Predictors of Decomposition
•	Heterotrophic Respiration
•	Net Ecosystem Production (NEP)
•	Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance
•	Gaseous Carbon Fluxes
•	Particulate Carbon Fluxes
•	Dissolved Carbon Fluxes

Chapter 8 Plant Nutrient Use
•	Nutrient Supply Is a Critical Control over NPP
•	Nutrients Required by Plants
•	How Do Nutrients Get to Roots?
•	Diffusion
•	Mass flow
•	Root interception
•	Plant Nutrient Absorption
•	Nutrient Supply
•	Development of Root Length
•	Mycorrhizae
•	Nitrogen Fixation
•	Root Absorption Properties
•	Nitrogen Use
•	Nutrient Loss from Plants
•	Senescence
•	Leaching Loss from Plants
•	Herbivory

Chapter 9 Nutrient Cycling
•	Nutrient inputs to ecosystems
•	Nitrogen Inputs to Terrestrial Ecosystems
•	Weathering
•	Biological nitrogen fixation
•	Nitrogen deposition (rain, dust, gases)
•	Internal Cycling of Nitrogen 
•	Nutrient transformations mediated by soil organisms
•	Nitrogen mineralization
•	Nitrification
•	Denitrification
•	Ammonia volatilization
•	Production of DON
•	Pathways of Nitrogen Loss
•	Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen
•	Solution Losses
•	Erosional Losses
•	Other Element Cycles
•	Phosphorus
•	Sulfur
•	Essential Cations
•	Micronutrients and Nonessential Elements
•	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Systems
•	How Do We Measure Soil N Pools and Fluxes?

Chapter 10 Trophic dynamics
•	Trophic Dynamics
•	Trophic Structure of Ecosystems
•	Major Controls
•	Bottom-up controls
•	Top-down controls
•	Interactions and feedbacks
•	Trophic Effects on Nutrient Cycling
•	Biome Differences in Herbivory
•	Plant Defense Reduces Herbivory
•	Ecological Efficiencies
•	Consumption Efficiency
•	Assimilation efficiency
•	Production Efficiency
•	Trophic Efficiency
•	Trophic Cascades
•	Plant-Based Trophic Systems
•	Detritus-Based Trophic Systems

Chapter 11 Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes
•	Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes
•	Effect Functional Types
•	Species Effects on Biogeochemistry
•	Species Effects on Biophysical Processes
•	Species Effects on Trophic Interactions
•	Species Effects on Disturbance Regime
•	Response Functional Types
•	Integrating the Effects of Traits on Ecosystems
•	Functional Matrix of Multiple Traits
•	Linkages Between Response and Effect Traits
•	Diversity as Insurance
•	Species Interactions and Ecosystem Processes

Chapter 12 Temporal Dynamics
•	Fluctuations in Ecosystem Processes
•	Ecosystem Resilience and Change
•	Alternative Stable States
•	Resilience and Thresholds
•	Disturbance
•	Conceptual Framework
•	Impact of a Disturbance Event
•	Recovery and Renewal after Disturbance
•	Disturbance Regime
•	Succession
•	Ecosystem Structure and Composition
•	Water and Energy Exchange
•	Carbon Balance
•	Nutrient Cycling
•	Trophic Dynamics
•	Temporal Scaling of Ecological Processes

Chapter 13 Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Dynamics
•	Concepts of Landscape Heterogeneity
•	Causes of Spatial Heterogeneity
•	Detection and Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity
•	State Factors and Interactive Controls
•	Community Processes and Legacies
•	Disturbance
•	Interactions among Sources of Heterogeneity
•	Patch Interactions on the Landscape
•	Topographic and Land–Water Interactions
•	Atmospheric Transfers
•	Movement of Plants and Animals on the Landscape
•	Disturbance Spread
•	Human Land-Use Change and Landscape
•	Extensification
•	Intensification
•	Spatial Heterogeneity and Scaling

Chapter 14 Changes in the Earth System
•	The Global Water Cycle
•	Water Pools and Fluxes
•	Anthropogenic Changes in the Water Cycle
•	Consequences of Changes in the Water Cycle
•	The Global Carbon Cycle
•	Carbon Pools and Fluxes
•	Changes in Atmospheric CO2
•	Marine Sinks for CO2
•	Terrestrial Sinks for CO2
•	CO2 Effects on Climate
•	The Global Methane Budget
•	The Global Nitrogen Cycle
•	Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes
•	Anthropogenic Changes in the Nitrogen Cycle
•	The Global Phosphorus Cycle
•	Phosphorus Pools and Fluxes
•	Anthropogenic Changes in the Phosphorus Cycle
•	The Global Sulfur Cycle

Chapter 15 Managing and Sustaining Ecosystems
•	Sustaining Social–Ecological Systems
•	Sustainability
•	Ecological Dimensions of Sustainability
•	Conceptual Framework for Ecosystem Management
•	Sustaining Soil Resources
•	Sustaining Biodiversity
•	Sustaining Variability and Resilience
•	Applying Ecosystem Principles to Management
•	Forest Management
•	Fisheries Management
•	Ecosystem Renewal
•	Management for Endangered Species
•	Socioeconomic Contexts of Ecosystem Management
•	Meeting Human Needs and Wants
•	Managing Flows of Ecosystem Services
•	Addressing Political Realities
•	Innovation and Adaptive Management
•	Sustainable Development: Social–Ecological
•	Transformation

主要参考书：
•	Sala DE, Jackson RB, Mooney HA, Howarth RW, 2000. Methods in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York
•	Ford ED, 2000. Scientific Methods for Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge