课程编号: 082M1002H |
课时: 40 |
学分: 2.0 |
课程属性: 一级学科核心课 |
主讲教师:白永飞等 |
英文名称: Ecosystem Ecology |
教学目的、要求
预修课程
教 材
使用教材:
• Chapin, F. S., III, P. A. Matson, and P. M. Vitousek. 2011. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Second edition. Springer, New York, USA.
主要内容
Chapter 1 The Ecosystem Concept
• Ecosystem Ecology
• History of Ecosystem Ecology
• Ecosystem Structure and Functioning
• Ecosystem Processes
• Ecosystem Structure and Constraints
• Controls over Ecosystem Processes
• Human-Induced Ecosystem Change
• Human Impacts on Ecosystems
• Resilience and Threshold Changes
• Degradation in Ecosystem Services
Chapter 2 Earth’s Climate System
• Earth’s Energy Budget
• The Atmospheric System
• Atmospheric Composition and Chemistry
• Atmospheric Structure
• Atmospheric Circulation
• The Ocean
• Ocean Structure
• Ocean Circulation
• Landform Effects on Climate
• Vegetation Influences on Climate
• Temporal Variability in Climate
• Long-Term Changes
• Anthropogenic Climate Change
• Interannual Climate Variability
• Seasonal and Daily Variation
• Storms and Weather
• Relationship of Climate to Ecosystem Distribution and Structure
Chapter 3 Geology, Soils, and Sediments
• Controls over Soil Formation
• Parent Material
• Climate
• Topography
• Time
• Potential Biota
• Human Activities
• Controls over Soil Loss
• Development of Soil Profiles
• Additions to Soils
• Soil Transformations
• Soil Transfers
• Losses from Soils
• Soil Horizons and Soil Classification
• Soil Properties and Ecosystem Functioning
• Soil Physical Properties
• Soil Chemical Properties
Chapter 4 Water and Energy Balance
• Surface Energy Balance
• Radiation Budget
• Partitioning of Absorbed Radiation
• Ecosystem Water Budgets
• Water Inputs to Ecosystems
• Water Movements within Ecosystems
• Water Movement from the Canopy to the Soil
• Water Storage and Movement in the Soil
• Water Movement from Soil to Roots
• Water Movement through Plants
• Water Losses from Ecosystems
• Evaporation from Wet Canopies
• Evapotranspiration from Dry Canopies
• Changes in Storage
• Runoff
Chapter 5 Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems
• Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems
• Biochemistry of Photosynthesis
• Pelagic Photosynthesis
• Light Limitation
• CO2 Supply
• Nutrient Limitation
• Pelagic GPP
• Terrestrial Photosynthesis
• Photosynthetic Structure of Terrestrial Ecosystems
• C4 Photosynthesis
• Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
• CO2 Limitation
• Light Limitation
• Nitrogen Limitation and Photosynthetic Capacity
• Water Limitation
• Temperature Effects
• Pollutants
• Terrestrial GPP
• Canopy Processes
• Leaf Area
• Length of the Photosynthetic Season
• Satellite-Based Estimates of GPP
Chapter 6 Plant Carbon Budgets
• The balance between carbon inputs and carbon losses
• Plant respiration
• Plant production
• Net primary production (NPP)
• Marine NPP
• Lake NPP
• Stream and river NPP
• Terrestrial NPP
• Physiological controls over NPP
• Environmental and species controls over NPP
• Allocation
• Allocation of NPP
• Allocation Response to Multiple Resources
• Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Allocation
• Tissue Turnover
• Global Distribution of Biomass and NPP
• Biome differences in biomass
• Biome differences in NPP
• Measuring NPP
Chapter 7 Decomposition and Ecosystem Carbon Budgets
• Importance of Decomposition
• Decomposition Consists of Four processes
• Leaching
• Fragmentation
• Chemical alteration
• Humification
• Who Are the Decomposers?
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Soil animals: microfauna
• Soil animals: mesofauna
• Soil animals: macrofauna
• Controls over Decomposition
• Direct temperature effects
• Moisture effects
• Other environmental effects
• Substrate quality
• Predictors of Decomposition
• Heterotrophic Respiration
• Net Ecosystem Production (NEP)
• Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance
• Gaseous Carbon Fluxes
• Particulate Carbon Fluxes
• Dissolved Carbon Fluxes
Chapter 8 Plant Nutrient Use
• Nutrient Supply Is a Critical Control over NPP
• Nutrients Required by Plants
• How Do Nutrients Get to Roots?
• Diffusion
• Mass flow
• Root interception
• Plant Nutrient Absorption
• Nutrient Supply
• Development of Root Length
• Mycorrhizae
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Root Absorption Properties
• Nitrogen Use
• Nutrient Loss from Plants
• Senescence
• Leaching Loss from Plants
• Herbivory
Chapter 9 Nutrient Cycling
• Nutrient inputs to ecosystems
• Nitrogen Inputs to Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Weathering
• Biological nitrogen fixation
• Nitrogen deposition (rain, dust, gases)
• Internal Cycling of Nitrogen
• Nutrient transformations mediated by soil organisms
• Nitrogen mineralization
• Nitrification
• Denitrification
• Ammonia volatilization
• Production of DON
• Pathways of Nitrogen Loss
• Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen
• Solution Losses
• Erosional Losses
• Other Element Cycles
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Essential Cations
• Micronutrients and Nonessential Elements
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Systems
• How Do We Measure Soil N Pools and Fluxes?
Chapter 10 Trophic dynamics
• Trophic Dynamics
• Trophic Structure of Ecosystems
• Major Controls
• Bottom-up controls
• Top-down controls
• Interactions and feedbacks
• Trophic Effects on Nutrient Cycling
• Biome Differences in Herbivory
• Plant Defense Reduces Herbivory
• Ecological Efficiencies
• Consumption Efficiency
• Assimilation efficiency
• Production Efficiency
• Trophic Efficiency
• Trophic Cascades
• Plant-Based Trophic Systems
• Detritus-Based Trophic Systems
Chapter 11 Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes
• Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes
• Effect Functional Types
• Species Effects on Biogeochemistry
• Species Effects on Biophysical Processes
• Species Effects on Trophic Interactions
• Species Effects on Disturbance Regime
• Response Functional Types
• Integrating the Effects of Traits on Ecosystems
• Functional Matrix of Multiple Traits
• Linkages Between Response and Effect Traits
• Diversity as Insurance
• Species Interactions and Ecosystem Processes
Chapter 12 Temporal Dynamics
• Fluctuations in Ecosystem Processes
• Ecosystem Resilience and Change
• Alternative Stable States
• Resilience and Thresholds
• Disturbance
• Conceptual Framework
• Impact of a Disturbance Event
• Recovery and Renewal after Disturbance
• Disturbance Regime
• Succession
• Ecosystem Structure and Composition
• Water and Energy Exchange
• Carbon Balance
• Nutrient Cycling
• Trophic Dynamics
• Temporal Scaling of Ecological Processes
Chapter 13 Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Dynamics
• Concepts of Landscape Heterogeneity
• Causes of Spatial Heterogeneity
• Detection and Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity
• State Factors and Interactive Controls
• Community Processes and Legacies
• Disturbance
• Interactions among Sources of Heterogeneity
• Patch Interactions on the Landscape
• Topographic and Land–Water Interactions
• Atmospheric Transfers
• Movement of Plants and Animals on the Landscape
• Disturbance Spread
• Human Land-Use Change and Landscape
• Extensification
• Intensification
• Spatial Heterogeneity and Scaling
Chapter 14 Changes in the Earth System
• The Global Water Cycle
• Water Pools and Fluxes
• Anthropogenic Changes in the Water Cycle
• Consequences of Changes in the Water Cycle
• The Global Carbon Cycle
• Carbon Pools and Fluxes
• Changes in Atmospheric CO2
• Marine Sinks for CO2
• Terrestrial Sinks for CO2
• CO2 Effects on Climate
• The Global Methane Budget
• The Global Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes
• Anthropogenic Changes in the Nitrogen Cycle
• The Global Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus Pools and Fluxes
• Anthropogenic Changes in the Phosphorus Cycle
• The Global Sulfur Cycle
Chapter 15 Managing and Sustaining Ecosystems
• Sustaining Social–Ecological Systems
• Sustainability
• Ecological Dimensions of Sustainability
• Conceptual Framework for Ecosystem Management
• Sustaining Soil Resources
• Sustaining Biodiversity
• Sustaining Variability and Resilience
• Applying Ecosystem Principles to Management
• Forest Management
• Fisheries Management
• Ecosystem Renewal
• Management for Endangered Species
• Socioeconomic Contexts of Ecosystem Management
• Meeting Human Needs and Wants
• Managing Flows of Ecosystem Services
• Addressing Political Realities
• Innovation and Adaptive Management
• Sustainable Development: Social–Ecological
• Transformation
参考文献
主要参考书:
• Sala DE, Jackson RB, Mooney HA, Howarth RW, 2000. Methods in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York
• Ford ED, 2000. Scientific Methods for Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge